复活节的价专列英文

复活节的价专列英文

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复活节EASTER

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ONTHEKEEPIN360问答GOFEASTER.

FromtheLetteroftheEmperortoallthosenotpresentattheCouncil.(FoundinEusebius,Vit赶另乐放矛概和块逐终留aConst.,Lib.iii.,18-20.)

Whenthequestionrelativetothesacre果故迅植判验dfestivalofEasterarose,itwasuniversallythoughtthatitwouldbeconvenientthatallshouldkeepthefeastononeday;forwh款导开氧鸡atcouldbemorebeautifulandmoredesirable,thantoseethisfestival,throughwhichwereceivethehopeofim苏快爱入南父底每一施双mortality,celebratedbyallwithoneaccord,andinthesamemanner?Itwasd保法二位田台据节eclaredtobepart烈原苦苗排呢诉越icularlyunworthyforthis,theholiestofallfestivals,tofollowthec面华ustom[thecalculation]oftheJews,whohadsoiledtheirhandswitht见业劳儿车续误声简全河hemostfearfulofcrimes,andwhosemindswereblinded.Inrejectingtheircustom,(1)wemaytransmittoourdescendantsthelegitimatemodeofcelebr率工降院慢见于当atingEaster,whichwehaveobservedfromthetimeoftheSaviour'sPassiontothep础朝觉resentday[accordingtoth半模围华食封轻华雷定船edayofthewe击把七张权此衣ek].Weoughtnot,therefore,tohaveanythingincommonwiththeJews,fortheS改九科求密计aviourhasshownusanotherwa意条丰剧线队底判协y;ourworshipfollowsamorelegitimateandmoreconvenientc吧唱巴松类电ourse(theorderofthedaysoftheweek);andconsequently,inunanimouslyadoptingthism针未血边兵扩迫吗旧拿ode,wedesire,dearestbrethren,toseparateoursel架选观密程含注木句源vesfromthedetestablecompanyoftheJews,foritistrulyshamefulforustohearthemboastthatwithouttheirdirectionwecouldnotkeepthisfeast.Howcantheybeintheright,theywho,afterthedeathoftheSaviour,havenolongerbeenledbyreasonbutbywildviolence,astheirdelusionmayurgethem?TheydonotpossessthetruthinthisEasterquestion;for,intheirblindnessandrepugnancetoallimprovements,theyfrequentlycelebratetwopassoversinthesameyear.Wecouldnotimitatethosewhoareopenlyinerror.How,then,couldwefollowtheseJews,whoaremostcertainlyblindedbyerror?fortocelebratethepassovertwiceinoneyearistotallyinadmissible.Butevenifthiswerenotso,itwouldstillbeyourdutynottotarnishyoursoulbycommunicationswithsuchwickedpeople[theJews].Besides,considerwell,thatinsuchanimportantmatter,andonasubjectofsuchgreatsolemnity,thereoughtnottobeanydivision.OurSaviourhasleftusonlyonefestaldayofourredemption,thatistosay,ofhisholypassion,andhedesired[toestablish]onlyoneCatholicChurch.Think,then,howunseemlyitis,thatonthesamedaysomeshouldbefastingwhilstothersareseatedatabanquet;andthatafterEaster,someshouldberejoicingatfeasts,whilstothersarestillobservingastrictfast.Forthisreason,aDivineProvidencewillsthatthiscustomshouldberectifiedandregulatedinauniformway;andeveryone,Ihope,willagreeuponthispoint.As,ontheonehand,itisourdutynottohaveanythingincommonwiththemurderersofourLord;andas,ontheother,thecustomnowfollowedbytheChurchesoftheWest,oftheSouth,andoftheNorth,andbysomeofthoseoftheEast,isthemostacceptable,ithasappearedgoodtoall;andIhavebeenguaranteeforyourconsent,thatyouwouldacceptitwithjoy,asitisfollowedatRome,inAfrica,inallItaly,Egypt,Spain,Gaul,Britain,Libya,inallAchaia,andinthediocesesofAsia,ofPontus,andCilicia.Youshouldconsidernotonlythatthenumberofchurchesintheseprovincesmakeamajority,butalsothatitisrighttodemandwhatourreasonapproves,andthatweshouldhavenothingincommonwiththeJews.Tosumupinfewwords:Bytheunanimousjudgmentofall,ithasbeendecidedthatthemostholyfestivalofEastershouldbeeverywherecelebratedononeandthesameday,anditisnotseemlythatinsoholyathingthereshouldbeanydivision.Asthisisthestateofthecase,acceptjoyfullythedivinefavour,andthistrulydivinecommand;forallwhichtakesplaceinassembliesofthebishopsoughttoberegardedasproceedingfromthewillofGod.Makeknowntoyourbrethrenwhathasbeendecreed,keepthismostholydayaccordingtotheprescribedmode;wecanthuscelebratethisholyEasterdayatthesametime,ifitisgrantedme,asIdesire,tounitemyselfwithyou;wecanrejoicetogether,seeingthatthedivinepowerhasmadeuseofourinstrumentalityfordestroyingtheevildesignsofthedevil,andthuscausingfaith,peace,andunitytoflourishamongstus.MayGodgraciouslyprotectyou,mybelovedbrethren.

EXCURSUSONTHESUBSEQUENTHISTORYOFTHEEASTERQUESTION

.(Hefele:Hist.oftheCouncils,Vol.I.,pp.328etseqq.)

ThedifferencesinthewayoffixingtheperiodofEasterdidnotindeeddisappearaftertheCouncilofNicea.AlexandriaandRomecouldnotagree,eitherbecauseoneofthetwoChurchesneglectedtomakethecalculationforEaster,orbecausetheotherconsidereditinaccurate.Itisafact,provedbytheancientEastertableoftheRomanChurch,thatthecycleofeighty-fouryearscontinuedtobeusedatRomeasbefore.NowthiscycledifferedinmanywaysfromtheAlexandrian,anddidnotalwaysagreewithitabouttheperiodforEaster--infact(a),theRomansusedquiteanothermethodfromtheAlexandrians;theycalculatedfromtheepact,andbeganfromtheferiaprimaofJanuary.(b.)TheRomansweremistakeninplacingthefullmoonalittletoosoon;whilsttheAlexandriansplaceditalittletoolate.(c.)AtRometheequinoxwassupposedtofallonMarch18th;whilsttheAlexandriansplaceditonMarch21st.(d.)Finally,theRomansdifferedinthisfromtheGreeksalso;theydidnotcelebrateEasterthenextdaywhenthefullmoonfellontheSaturday.

EventheyearfollowingtheCouncilofNicea--thatis,in326--aswellasintheyears330,333,340,341,343,theLatinscelebratedEasteronadifferentdayfromtheAlexandrians.Inordertoputanendtothismisunderstanding,theSynodofSardicain343,aswelearnfromthenewlydiscoveredfestivallettersofS.Athanasius,tookupagainthequestionofEaster,andbroughtthetwoparties(AlexandriansandRomans)toregulate,bymeansofmutualconcessions,acommondayforEasterforthenextfiftyyears.Thiscompromise,afterafewyears,wasnotobserved.ThetroublesexcitedbytheArianheresy,andthedivisionwhichitcausedbetweentheEastandtheWest,preventedthedecreeofSardicafrombeingputintoexecution;thereforetheEmperorTheodosiustheGreat,afterthere-establishmentofpeaceintheChurch,foundhimselfobligedtotakefreshstepsforobtainingacompleteuniformityinthemannerofcelebratingEaster.In387,theRomanshavingkeptEasteronMarch21st,theAlexandriansdidnotdosoforfiveweekslater--thatistosay,tillApril25th--becausewiththeAlexandrianstheequinoxwasnottillMarch21st.TheEmperorTheodosiustheGreatthenaskedTheophilus,BishopofAlexandriaforanexplanationofthedifference.ThebishoprespondedtotheEmperor'sdesire,anddrewupachronologicaltableoftheEasterfestivals,basedupontheprinciplesacknowledgedbytheChurchofAlexandria.Unfortunately,wenowpossessonlytheprologueofhiswork.

UponaninvitationfromRome,S.AmbrosealsomentionedtheperiodofthissameEasterin387,inhislettertothebishopsofAEmilia,andhesideswiththeAlexandriancomputation.CyrilofAlexandriaabridgedthepaschaltableofhisuncleTheophilus,andfixedthetimefortheninety-fivefollowingEasters--thatis,from436to531afterChrist.BesidesthisCyrilshowed,inalettertothePope,whatwasdefectiveintheLatincalculation;andthisdemonstrationwastakenupagain,sometimeafter,byorderoftheEmperor,byPaschasinus,BishopofLilybaeumandProteriusofAlexandria,inaletterwrittenbythemtoPopeLeoI.Inconsequenceofthesecommunications,PopeLeooftengavethepreferencetotheAlexandriancomputation,insteadofthatoftheChurchofRome.Atthesametimealsowasgenerallyestablished,theopinionsolittleentertainedbytheancientauthoritiesoftheChurch--onemightevensay,sostronglyincontradictiontotheirteaching--thatChristpartookofthepassoveronthe14thNisan,thathediedonthe15th(notonthe14th,astheancientsconsidered),thathelayinthegraveonthe16th,androseagainonthe17th.Intheletterwehavejustmentioned,ProteriusofAlexandriaopenlyadmittedallthesedifferentpoints.

Someyearsafterwards,in457,VictorofAquitane,byorderoftheRomanArchdeaconHilary,endeavouredtomaketheRomanandtheAlexandriancalculationsagreetogether.IthasbeenconjecturedthatsubsequentlyHilary,whenPope,broughtVictor'scalculationintouse,in456--thatis,atthetimewhenthecycleofeighty-fouryearscametoanend.Inthelattercyclethenewmoonsweremarkedmoreaccurately,andthechiefdifferencesexistingbetweentheLatinandGreekcalculationsdisappeared;sothattheEasteroftheLatinsgenerallycoincidedwiththatofAlexandria,orwasonlyaverylittleremovedfromit.IncaseswhentheidfellonaSaturday,VictordidnotwishtodecidewhetherEastershouldbecelebratedthenextday,astheAlexandriansdid,orshouldbepostponedforaweek.Heindicatesbothdatesinhistable,andleavesthePopetodecidewhatwastobedoneineachseparatecase.EvenafterVictor'scalculations,therestillremainedgreatdifferencesinthemanneroffixingthecelebrationofEaster;anditwasDionysiustheLesswhofirstcompletelyovercamethem,bygivingtotheLatinsapaschaltablehavingasitsbasisthecycleofnineteenyears.ThiscycleperfectlycorrespondedtothatofAlexandria,andthusestablishedthatharmonywhichhadbeensolongsoughtinvain.Heshowedtheadvantagesofhiscalculationsostrongly,thatitwasadmittedbyRomeandbythewholeofItaly;whilstalmostthewholeofGaulremainedfaithfultoVictor'scanon,andGreatBritainstillheldthe'cycleofeighty-fouryears,alittleimprovedbySulpiciusSeverus.WhentheHeptarchywasevangelizedbytheRomanmissionaries,thenewconvertsacceptedthecalculationofDionysius,whilsttheancientChurchesofWalesheldfasttheiroldtradition.Fromthisarosethewell-knownBritishdissensionsaboutthecelebrationofEaster,whichweretransplantedbyColumbanintoGaul.In729,themajorityoftheancientBritishChurchesacceptedthecycleofnineteenyears.IthadbeforebeenintroducedintoSpain,immediatelyaftertheconversionofReccared.Finally,underCharlestheGreat,thecycleofnineteenyearstriumphedoverallopposition;andthusthewholeofChristendomwasunited,fortheQuartodecimanshadgraduallydisappeared.(1)

selectedfromHenryR.Percival,ed.,TheSevenEcumenicalCouncilsoftheUndividedChurch,VolXIVofNiceneandPostNiceneFathers,2ndseries,edd.PhilipSchaffandHenryWace,(repr.Edinburgh:T&TClark;GrandRapidsMI:Wm.B.Eerdmans,1988),pp.54-56

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(c)PaulHalsallJan1996

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